First double eyelid operation
Mikamo first described surgical creation of the upper lid crease, the double eyelid, in Japan.[1]
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History
From the first double eyelid operation in 1896 to transconjunctival surgery and fat repositioning: the steps that changed the operation.
Timeline
Mikamo first described surgical creation of the upper lid crease, the double eyelid, in Japan.[1]
Bourguet described reaching lower lid fat through the inside of the lid, with no skin incision.[1][2]
Fernandez published a double eyelid operation for Asian patients in Hawaii, and in 1993 an open technique that creates a levator aponeurosis fold.[1][2]
Fasanella and Servat published a simplified operation for minimal ptosis.[1][2]
Sheen published supratarsal fixation in upper blepharoplasty.[1]
Putterman and Urist resected Muller muscle and conjunctiva for ptosis in patients whose lid rose with 10% phenylephrine. 27 of 28 lids had satisfactory results.[1]
Jones and colleagues repaired ptosis by suturing the levator aponeurosis through an incision 7 mm above the lashes, in 57 lids of 34 patients.[1]
Anderson and Gordy sutured tarsal strips to the periosteum of the lateral orbital wall to correct canthal tendon laxity, with good results in 51 cases.[1]
Zarem and Resnick reported 104 transconjunctival lower blepharoplasties, including patients with skin wrinkling and excess, with no prolonged lid retraction. The approach was popularized in the 1990s.[1][2]
Flowers proposed canthopexy as a routine part of lower lid blepharoplasty, with skin removed only when truly excess.[1]
Hamra released the arcus marginalis and advanced lower lid fat beyond the orbital rim instead of removing it, in 152 cases over 3 years.[1]
Goldberg and colleagues described the double convexity deformity of the aging lower lid and a fat redistribution procedure to restore the lid-cheek contour.[1]
A survey of oculoplastic surgeons covering 269,433 cosmetic eyelid operations found orbital hemorrhage in 0.055% and permanent vision loss in 0.0045%, about 1 in 22,000.[1]
A survey of aesthetic surgeons covering 752,816 blepharoplasties found vision loss in 0.0052%, permanent in 0.0033%.[1]
Pioneers
Their papers set the methods in use today.
First described surgical creation of the double eyelid.[1]
Described the transconjunctival approach to the lower lid.[1]
Published the double eyelid operation in Hawaii and the East Asian open technique.[1][2]
Published the operation for minimal ptosis that carries their names.[1][2]
Published supratarsal fixation in upper blepharoplasty.[1]
Developed Muller muscle-conjunctival resection for ptosis.[1]
Published ptosis repair by aponeurotic repair.[1]
Developed the lateral tarsal strip for lid and canthal laxity.[1]
Expanded the transconjunctival approach to patients with skin excess.[1][2]
Proposed canthopexy as a routine part of lower lid blepharoplasty.[1]
Published arcus marginalis release with fat preservation and the septal reset.[1][2]
Described lower lid fat redistribution for the double convexity deformity.[1]